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Mantrayana , which may be translated as "way of the mantra", was the original self-identifying name of those that have come to be determined 'Nyingmapa'. The Nyingmapa which may be rendered as "those of the ancient way", a name constructed due to the genesis of the Sarma "fresh", "new" traditions. Chinese Chan Buddhism also makes use of esoteric mantras, a practice which can be traced back to the Tang dynasty. They included ṛc , sāman (musical chants from the Sāmaveda for example), yajus , and nigada . During the Hindu Epics period and after, mantras multiplied in many ways and diversified to meet the needs and passions of various schools of Hinduism. In the Linga Purana, Mantra is listed as one of the 1,008 names of Lord Shiva. ; 'true words', the Japanese on'yomi reading of the Chinese being shingon . The function of mantras, in these cases, was to cope with the human condition as a whole. According to Alper, redemptive